Assisted Suicide The Right To Essay Research free essay sample

Assisted Suicide The Right To Essay, Research Paper Assisted Suicide, the Right to Die Though it may be an uncomfortable thing to cognize, there is something people are being denied. Peoples are denied things everyday, what these people are being denied is uncomprehendable. Terminally sick, enduring people are being denied the right to stop their agony. They are forced to populate each twenty-four hours in wretchedness. Now, all these people want is to stop their agony. We could assist by legalising assisted self-destruction, assisting to halt their hurting. Peoples have been forced to stop their ain lives, without proper medical aid, some have had to hold loved 1s do it for them. As a consequence, they suffered legal effects. I believe that terminally sick people, enduring major hurting and uncomfortableness, should be allowed to do the pick of aided self-destruction. Richard McIlory 71, whom whose enduring from lukiemia had become intolerable, had his married woman aid him perpetrate self-destruction by giving him chocolate ice pick sprinkled with seconal tablets ( C. We will write a custom essay sample on Assisted Suicide The Right To Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Baron 1 ) . Legalizing aided self-destruction would forestall calamities like this one from of all time holding to happen. Alternatively of one individual agony, the authorities makes it two. Sixty-six twelvemonth old Dietrich Weithnery from Pennsylvania killed his married woman Louise. She was enduring from a combination of asthma, congestive bosom failure, and diabetes. Walking to his married woman s bedside, he was forced to pick up a two-foot In long O armored combat vehicle and slammed it into her caput forcefully plenty to kill her. Following, he tried to kill himself by cut downing his carpuss, but was saved by the paramedics. One and a half old ages subsequently he was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of word ( C. Baron 1 ) . There is so much information on this subject it is about overpowering. Throughout the ages, people have reflected upon the issues of decease and deceasing. With the coming of modern medical engineering and the more common use of unreal steps to protract life, many people today are more fearful of the procedure of deceasing than of decease itself ( life and decease concluding study 1 ) . Now, if we are advanced plenty to protract life, so why are we allowing the people who are terminally sick and enduring non allow themselves make up ones mind if they want to decease? What sort of barbarian usage is this? Then, when person tries to assist these hapless agony people he is called a liquidator. I besides see this as a misdemeanor of basic human rights. Others think that traditional medical moralss are crumpling before our really eyes. Where physicians one time swore to make no injury, today many physicians think it acceptable to kill a patient whom petitions decease ( 1 ) . Quoting a author by the name of Wesley J. Smith. Smith argues that physicians used to be taught that all patients had an equal built-in moral value. This value system known diversely as the equality or holiness of life ethic ( 1 ) . This ethic therefore entitled them optimal medical attention based on their single demands and by simple virtuousness of their humanity. Today a turning matter-of-fact spirit threatens aged and handicapped patients with complete forsaking by physicians based on quality of life considerations. Wesley besides points out that physicians of yore would neer split their truenesss between patients and managed wellness attention concern entities, where net incomes come from bring oning doctors to cut down the degrees of attention ( 1 ) . Well, back in the yearss of yore, everything that was taught to anyone, professional or non, ethically wise is challenged today. Times change and people change with it. Along with the growing of the human race, society, and engineering, creates new environments. It is a known fact that all living things adapt to their environment. They adapt leting endurance. It is an ancient rhythm. In recent, old ages a figure of instances have come to visible radiation, pulling a considerable sum of media attending, non merely in the United States, either. The most controversial and popular subject, a adult male accused and convicted of being a liquidator, Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Besides known as the Dr. of Death, a adult male who assisted in 100s of self-destructions. When Dr. Kevorkian foremost started helping self-destructions, many people thought he was merely seeking to do a point, and that, holding done so, he would halt. That was non the instance, he merely kept traveling and traveling. When he assisted four people in one hebdomad, it seemed to many people that this was acquiring out of manus. Yet, we don t want to happen him guilty of slaying. We do desire him or person like him to be available to us if the demand of all time came up ( Block 1 ) . The ground for this thought is that we are afraid of hurting. Not the ordinary, endurable hurting that we are accustomed to-headaches and backaches, or childbirth. Dr. Kevorkian got a rotter blame from many ununderstanding people. Alain C. Baird writes otherwise. I think these are all fantastic statements that need to be seen by more people. He accepts people with small opportunity at a painless decease, and he removes their hurting. He takes people who don Ts have any significance left in their lives ; a he imbues their life, and their decease, with tremendous significance. He stands firm at the flash point of one of the greatest tabu of our civilization. He resoutly advocates a position that most of us avoid, and even roast, instead than cover with duty. He espouses a construct, which is accepted and legal in other states, yet he continues to put on the line gaol and terrible public animadversion Here to guarantee that mercy killing remains outstanding on our society s docket. Future coevalss will probably idolize him as a brave visionary, yet there are forces at work today that threaten to destruct him. Possibly most significantly of all: he has discovered his intent on this planet. And despite the unpopularity of his naming, he firm continues to follow it. For all these reasons-God bless you, Dr. Kevorkian. ( 1 ) There is no jury that will convict doodly-squat Kevorkian for assisting a enduring individual to decease, so we thought. He got charged with first-degree murder- and convicted. Legalizing assisted self-destruction would profit more than merely the patient. Legalizing assisted self-destruction has cost salvaging potency. Here are some statistics from Barry Bostrom s reappraisal of contemplations of Organs first instance. The proposal assumes that ( 1 ) 2.7 per centum of patients who die each twelvemonth ( 62,00 Americans ) would take aided self-destruction. ( 2 ) These patients would waive an norm of four hebdomads of life, and ( 3 ) the medical costs in the last month of life for each patient who dies are 10 thousand one hundred and 18 dollars ( in 1995 dollars ) . The estimated sum from legalising physician assisted self-destruction and mercy killing would about salvage six hundred 27 million in 1995 dollars ( Bostrom 2 ) . This may be a little national economy, but for many households, particularly the 1s whom are uninsured, the nest eggs could be significant. In a study taken from 206 physicians, 67 per centum indicated that they would take part in the self-destruction of the pictured patient. The study besides showed that physicians that were more conservative with resources were six point four times more likely than their resource-intensive opposite numbers to order the requested drugs, and minority physicians were less willing than Whites to take part in aided self-destruction ( Bostrom 2 ) . The term s voluntary active mercy killing and doctor assisted self-destruction sometimes are used interchangeably, confounding the two patterns. Voluntary active mercy killing means a deliberate intercession, by person other than the individual whose life is at interest, straight intended to stop that life. The patient must be terminally sick and competent, and do a full volunteer and relentless petition in assistance for deceasing. Physician-assisted self-destruction is when a physician helps to convey on the patient s decease by supplying the agencies to make it or by giving them the necessary agencies to make it. We must find the difference between killing and allowing dice. In the medical context there are two parts. A physician s killing her patient is different from a physician allowing her patient dice. It creates a great moral difference. A physician killing her patient is ever morally impermissible, whereas a bash ctor allowing her patient dice in suited fortunes is morally allowable ( Jarvis 1 ) . What are suited fortunes? There are certain criterions that have to be met before I feel aided self-destruction are allowable. One must non needfully be terminally sick. If a individual is so ill and uncomfortable that they are no longer able to populate a normal life, or attention for themselves is suited for aided self-destruction. In Webster s dictionary euthinasia is defined as The pattern act or pattern of killing or allowing the decease of the hopelessly ill or injured person ; in a comparatively painless manner for grounds of clemency. Implemented in this definition is the recognition that under certain fortunes, the knowing expiration of the life of one homo by another is justifiable and possibly even desirable ( Ho 1 ) . Here are some conditions in which mercy killing is considered an appropriate option. Normally a petition for mercy killing or aid derives from terrible patient hurt and indicates important agony. Suffering comes in a assortment of signifiers, and harmonizing to writer Robert Ho, Can be defined as an inauspicious experience characterized by the perceptual experience of personal hurt that is generated by inauspicious factors that undermine the quality of life. Ranking highest in these factors is physical hurting. Terminally sick malignant neoplastic disease patients were surveyed and they found that one tierce of such patients in active therapy, and two-thirds of patients with far off disease are enduring from important hurting. These people are enduring so that they require the usage of anodynes. The fact that fright of hurting is acute among those enduring unwellnesss is reflected in the credence of certain hurting control, even if they risk or bring about decease. This position is supported in a study which found that doctors, nurses, infirmary tarpaulins, and college pupils overpoweringly agreed that it was appropriate to give hurting medicine to terminal patients even though the doses given might rush decease ( Ho 1 ) . There are two more state of affairss of enduring I will depict. When the adynamic nature of one s organic structure badly undermines the quality of 1s life, it is important enduring. Such as people who have lost control of all his/her bodily maps, or is confined to bed for the remainder of his/her life is certainly in a province of relentless agony. When enduring like this is impossible to live over, it undermines the value one feels on their life. Suffering is non limited to the physical experience of the patient that has been brought on unmanageable hurting or the adynamic nature of the organic structure. When chronic unwellness occurs in a household member, it tragically affects everyone else every bit good. Among the lending that cause household members enduring are and non limited to ; empathic agony with the hurt of the patient, function alterations, every bit good as the physical, fiscal, and physiological emphasiss that arises from the load of attention. Frankly, terrible instances of hurt and weariness are non uncommon, largely due to the fact that professional and household attention services are both finite ( Ho, Robert 2: Davies, Remier, A ; Martens ) . The fright of digesting unceasing hurting, losing organic structure unity and personal self-respect and of being an emotional and fiscal drain on 1s loved 1s such fear lends strength to the motion for doctor assisted self-destruction and mercy killing ( Gula 1 ) . Oregon is the first and merely province to legalise physician-assisted self-destruction in 1994. called the Death with Dignity Act, which passed with a 49 to 51 per centum ballot. Harmonizing to official studies, 40 % who died the first twelvemonth after legalising assisted self-destruction in Oregon had been turned down by at least one physician. Besides on mean those who were assisted to perpetrate self-destruction had been known by the physicians who assisted them merely about one ten percent every bit long as a group of likewise situated patients who did non perpetrate self-destruction ( Oregon Experience 1 ) . Fifteen terminally sick people had died as a consequence of the states merely assisted suicide jurisprudence in the first twelvemonth since it took consequence in 1998 ( Christian Century March 1 ) . Harmonizing to functionaries the jurisprudence is working the manner it should, It s what we expected a twelvemonth of faultless nidation, ( Christian Century March 2 ) I think more people should follow in Organs footfalls. Besides brining peace to the patients themselves, their households are more at easiness every bit good. Legalizing aided self-destruction would forestall some unpleasantries. If Dietrich Weitherny had lived in a clip when we weren Ts so insensitive, he would non hold had to bang an Oxygen armored combat vehicle into his married woman Louises s caput and he would non be in gaol with Know possibility of word for life during his aureate old ages. This is asinine. We are supposed to be a civilised people. When despairing household members help patients to decease in topographic points besides Oregon, they are forced to fall backing to barbarous actions that may be based on unqualified cognition of revelent facts are thrown on the clemency of a tribunal system that produced unpredictable and despairing consequences. See the Nebraska condemnable instance against 76 twelvemonth old Bob Olrich. His 74 twelvemonth old married woman Phyllis, asked for aid in deceasing to let go of her from the hurting she was enduring from colon malignant neoplastic disease. He brought a gun in her room and shooting her in the caput, he besides tried to kill himself, but the gun misfired. In New York, 42 twelvemonth old Susan Scheufler was arrested and charged with first grade slaying for surrounding her 52 twelvemonth old terminally sick hubby with a pillow on his deathbed in July of 19 90 seven. In Maryland, 68 old ages old William Fishback was arrested in October 19 98 for helping in his female parent s self-destruction. She suffered from legal sightlessness, limited mobility, enphymasema, and bosom disese. On the forenoon of September seventh, she was found suffocated by a fictile food market bag over her caput ( C.Baron 2 ) . Like I mentioned before these sorts of state of affairss can be prevented. It is up to us to do that determination. Other states have found plenty humanity to legalise aided self-destruction, why can t we. The Netherlands has, every bit good as Switzerland. All these instances are wholly unneeded, and their agony can be stopped. We must legalise aided self-destruction. Peoples are being thrown in gaol for assisting their loved one end their agony. They are being labeled as slayers, slayings. I believe these people who are terminally sick and enduring have the right to assisted self-destruction. It must be legalized. I have shown you horror narratives, and presented the other side s point of position. I think that if people fall under the above-described fortunes, they should hold the write to take physician assisted self-destruction. Jack Kevorkian now sits in Jail for slaying for seting these hapless agony people every bit good as their households to peace. I see this as a entire autumn of humanistic disciplines moral moralss. Try seting yourself in any one of these people s state of affairss and state me you would non make the same thing. Plants Cited Baird, Alan C. God Bless You Dr. Jack Kevorkian. June 1998 1 Baron, Charles H, Assisted deceasing. Trail July 1999 26:4 1-3 Block, Maryanne. Dr.Death. The Washington Post 9 Nov. 98 1-2 Bostrom, Barry A. Physician-Assited Suicide: Contemplations on Orgeons Case. National Right to Life News 26:4 March 15,1999 1-3 The Christian Century, Assited-suicide examined in Oregon 116.9 March 17.1999 1 Gula, Richard M. Euthanasia and Physician -Assisted Suicide: Killing or Caring? Rev of The Christian Century May 15,1999 116:14 1-3 Ho, Robert. Factors Influceing Decisions to Terminate Life: Conditionss of Suffering and the Identity of the Terminally Ill. Australian Journal of Social Issues 34:1 Feb 99 1-8 Smith, Wesley J. Assisted Suicide: The Tip of The Iceberg. The Human Life Review Spring 99 25:2 1-5 The Particular Senate Committee on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide. Of Life and Death-Final study. June1995 1-10 Weithman, Paul J. Of Assisted Suicide and The Philosophers Brief. Ethical motives April 1999 109:3 1-15

Free Essays on Martin Luther And Malcom X

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Different Men With the Same Goal Martin Luther King jr. and Malcolm X are still highly controversial African-American leaders. Martin, a Christian integrationist, and Malcolm, a Muslim nationalist have been a powerful force against racial injustice. Each man sacrificed his life for the freedom of his people; however, Martin and Malcolm had taken very different approaches in achieving equality and identity for African-Americans in the land of their birth. In order to better understand why King and X took the course of action each took, one must take into account a little bit of their background. Martin Luther King jr., was born in Atlanta, Georgia into a middle-class family. The church was his source of leadership development and it helped provide him with moral values. Home and church were the most important influences in the early life of King. In both contexts, he was introduced to the integrationist values of protest, accommodations, self-help and optimism as they were related to the religious themes of justice, love and hope. He was introduced to the value of education as a potent way of helping him assert his self-worth to become a church and community leader and to fight racism in the larger society. â€Å"King’s basis for his campaign of nonviolence originated in the highest type of love - love for people who hate you. King preached that the combination of agape (spiritual love) with nonviolent action wou ld elicit change† (Walton 78). It is quite easy for me to think of a God of love mainly because I grew up in a family where love was central and where lovely relationships were ever present. It is quite easy for me to think of the universe as basically friendly mainly because of my uplifting hereditary and environmental circumstances. It is quite easy for me to lean more toward optimism than pessimism about human nature mainly because of my childhood experiences. It is... Free Essays on Martin Luther And Malcom X Free Essays on Martin Luther And Malcom X Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Different Men With the Same Goal Martin Luther King jr. and Malcolm X are still highly controversial African-American leaders. Martin, a Christian integrationist, and Malcolm, a Muslim nationalist have been a powerful force against racial injustice. Each man sacrificed his life for the freedom of his people; however, Martin and Malcolm had taken very different approaches in achieving equality and identity for African-Americans in the land of their birth. In order to better understand why King and X took the course of action each took, one must take into account a little bit of their background. Martin Luther King jr., was born in Atlanta, Georgia into a middle-class family. The church was his source of leadership development and it helped provide him with moral values. Home and church were the most important influences in the early life of King. In both contexts, he was introduced to the integrationist values of protest, accommodations, self-help and optimism as they were related to the religious themes of justice, love and hope. He was introduced to the value of education as a potent way of helping him assert his self-worth to become a church and community leader and to fight racism in the larger society. â€Å"King’s basis for his campaign of nonviolence originated in the highest type of love - love for people who hate you. King preached that the combination of agape (spiritual love) with nonviolent action wou ld elicit change† (Walton 78). It is quite easy for me to think of a God of love mainly because I grew up in a family where love was central and where lovely relationships were ever present. It is quite easy for me to think of the universe as basically friendly mainly because of my uplifting hereditary and environmental circumstances. It is quite easy for me to lean more toward optimism than pessimism about human nature mainly because of my childhood experiences. It is...

BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 2-CBT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BHS 400 STRESS MANAGEMENT (Module 2-CBT) - Essay Example Stress can affect both personal and professional life. Jeanne Segal, PhD, in his article ‘Raising Emotional Intelligence’ says that â€Å"people lose their confidence and become irritated or withdrawn when they feel overwhelmed making them less productive and effective in their work†. ( ¶ 5) Though cost cutting strategies are essential in the current competitive world, as a chief financial officer, I would like to bring the board’s attention to the benefits of educating the stress management techniques to our employees. A person under stress, either from the family or from the work place can never concentrate on his works and hence his productivity will be considerably reduced. Moreover working under the control of a stressful mind, can create lot of accidents at the work place which can create damages to the company and other workers as well. Creativity of a worker will be lost if he is under the control of any sort of stress. â€Å"A healthy workplace provides mutual benefits for employers and employees within a common belief that good health practices by both will lead to individual and organizational self-fulfillment and productivity. Health promotion is the process of enabling employees to increase control over and to improve their physical, emotional and social health†. (Work-Life stress management) In my opinion a little spending on training of employees for managing their work place stress can contribute immensely to the overall gain of the company. Moreover such training will educate the employees in how to manage their stress in an effective manner which will make them capable of managing their stress both at home and work place. As per Clarity Seminars  (located at Silicon Valley and San Francisco Bay Area), after a stress management training course the employees will be able to;†Understand and communicate more effectively with difficult co-workers, Manage challenging work situations with

Critical analysis of I heard a fly buzz; Wounded deer; and From cocoon Research Paper

Critical analysis of I heard a fly buzz; Wounded deer; and From cocoon forth a butterfly by Emily Dickinson - Research Paper Example Her concern with these problems and the expressions of her judgement that she has made in her own highly individualistic idiom has probably led to the classification of much of her poetry as mystical. (Humiliata, 144) The work and life of Emily Dickinson became known to the world after her death. She led a secluded life and her work is shaped by her individualistic thinking. She mostly concerns herself with themes of: life, death, material and immaterial things, particularly in ‘I heard a Fly buzz’; ‘Wounded deer’; and ‘From cocoon forth a butterfly’. The running them in ‘I heard a fly buzz’ is death and the momentous experience during the final breaths of life. It is an experience of dying and feeling the last remnants of life. Life is associated with the buzzing sound of a fly- a minute living object. Though everything is still around her; yet it feels as if she is surrounded by a storm. The buzzing sound of the fly is contrasted with â€Å"heaves of storm† (4). Dickinson employs contrast to enhance the various themes in her poetry. The fly is moving while everything else in the room is still. She doesn’t personify the persons present around her deathbed but focuses on their emotions of grief. She does so purposefully so she could heighten the effect of the revelation of the king in power. ‘King’ could be anything- Christian God, or Death.... Even if life is trivial with respect to death or transcendental- it doesn’t let go that easily. The poet can feel life till the last moment. In the last stanza, she symbolizes light as life and darkness as death and the transcendence from light to darkness is gradual and painless. The poet is preoccupied with themes of life and death in this poem. â€Å"Death was important to Emily Dickenson. Out of some one thousand and seven hundred poems, perhaps some ‘five to six hundred’ are concerned with the theme of death...† (Nesteruk, 25-43) The first line of the poem startles the reader: ‘I heard a fly buzz when I died;† (1) because this statement apparently doesn’t make sense (no one can feel anything once dead). But the idea behind this is to elucidate the strong connection of life that a person experiences till the last moment. This poem is about feeling that moment where life and death intercede. Death is associated with power, stillness, a nd darkness. Sound and pictorial imagery is handled very delicately in this poem. The phrase ‘see to see’ is also the culmination of the poem’s complex sound play. It echoes the repetition of ‘stillness’ in stanza 1, and it is the last of the series of sibilants, or hissing sounds (s, sh, z) that run through the poem, building up to the Fly’s ‘buzz’... ... While there are those who see fly as a statement of nihilism that ridicules the notion that death is transcendence, others see the image as more ambiguous. For all its mindless uncertainty, the fly is a symbol of blind, persistent life, and as such, worth clinging to until the very final instant of consciousness. (Leiter, 104) ‘A wounded deer’ is a narrative of a hunter that explains to the poet how a wounded deer behaves when

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Same-sex relationship - Essay Example Controversial issue here is same-sex relationship that is widely opposed by many countries worldwide. Should same-sex marriages be allowed in the society or should these kinds of marriages be frowned upon? The research will focus on the challenges facing same sex relationships and further dig on reasons behind refusal of the law in most countries globally. The most common and legal marriage was heterosexual relationship. The issue of same-sex marriage has been made legal in various democratic or liberal countries mostly in the Western countries. The matter of child bearing is greatly left behind when it comes to same sex marriage, as there is availability of artificially produced babies. Babies could be produced artificially for same sex couples while those who prefer different methods can adopt children and call them their own. Despite the desire to raise children, the gay couples often face objections when they present themselves as candidates who want to adopt children. The legal offices that deal with the issues of adoption often feel reluctant to hand over adoption agreement to these couples with the belief that they may lack the knowledge of raising the children well. Same-sex marriage may be defined as the union among two individuals of the same gender. Ever since the year 2001, different countries have allowed gay or lesbian unions and the recognition of such law has sparked worldwide debate from the proposers as well as those who oppose this discussion.

A review of sexual harassment in the workplace

A review of sexual harassment in the workplace The aim of this research proposal is to put forward a review of sexual harassment at workplace. Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates Human Rights to equality in workplace. It is indeed very unfortunate to know that such an issue is still happening in an unrestrained manner today. In this section, sexual harassment will be first defined. Moreover, emphasis will be laid on the main issue of this research, that is, sexual harassment at work. Finally, we will examine how and why harassment occurs and the possible solutions to combat this issue at the workplace. We are targeting better understanding on how to provide a holistic perspective to sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is a wrongful conduct. It should not be tolerated in the workplace. Sexual harassment refers to unwelcoming sexual behaviour. It includes physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature, unwanted sexual advances, sexist remarks, demands or requests for sexual favours and showing pornography. It is true that every individual has the right to life, liberty and equality. This is guaranteed by the countrys Constitution, which is considered to be the supreme law of that country. In the Mauritian Constitution for example, sections 3-19 highlight the protection of human fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. Section 16 precisely protects individuals against discrimination. It is extremely important for employers as well as other responsible persons or institutions to observe certain guidelines to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment at work. Indeed, to live with dignity is a human right guaranteed by our Constitution.It is the duty of the employer in work places to prevent or deter the Commission of acts of sexual harassment and to provide the procedure for the resolution, settlement or prosecution of acts of sexual harassment by taking all steps required. Studies show that mostly women are victims of sexual harassment and unfortunately very few seek redress and little has received encouraging actions (Chaudhuri P. 2006). For instance, there has been a case in India. In 1985 where a woman, named Shehnaz Sani had been dismissed from her job because of wilful negligence. In fact she had complained of sexual harassment from her employers. She was surely granted legal protection and she was also given her previous job. On the other side, however, her harassers which in this case revealed to be her employers, appealed to the Bombay High Court. Consequently, they were granted a stay as well (Chaudhuri P. 2006 adapted from Staff reporter, Tribune, 7 December, 1998; Namita Devidayal,Times of India, 29 November 1998). Moreover, there is another case where a female employee in a company in Hyderabad. She complained that she was being repeatedly sexually harassed by her supervisor. Her case was being followed by a woman representative from the Head Office of the company (based in the US). Indeed, the harassment was proved but unfortunately, the female employee was seen as a trouble maker. Consequently, she was compelled to resigned and she didi not even benefit from any monetary compensation. In fact, the harasser had great power, authority and influence and hence he was immune to all types of disciplinary committees. He continued to work in the same organisation (Chaudhuri P., 2006 adapted from Kumar, 2003). Moreover, it has been seen that complaints of harassment are very often dismissed as a trivial matter and not officially recorded (Chaudhuri P., 2006 Adapted from Sanhita, 2006). As we can see, these cases prove the fact that among the few cases that women report, there is very less chance of obtaining positive support against sexual harassment. Moreover, the already existing committees have not been able to prove their efficiency- relevant actions are, most of time, not taken against the harasser, especially if he is influential. In this context, it is not wrong to say that laws should be designed against sexual harassment to protect the employee from the boss, from co-workers or even customers at work. In 2001, Mauritius had taken a step to combat sexual harassment. Indeed, on the 21 March, the Mauritian Minister, who was at the head of the Ministry of womens affairs and child development and family welfare had publicly promulgated a legislation to impose limitation against female sexual harassment. The aim was to break the silence on subjects which prevented the woman from enjoying her rights. The women were encouraged to denounce such acts. It is true that sex discrimination laws are very effective and efficient in curbing sexual harassment at the workplace. Sexual harassment can either be Qui Pro Quo or Hostile environment (Hunt C.M et al, 2008). Qui Pro Quo highlights the fact that the harasser explicitly or implicitly make sexual request in exchange for some desired results. However, on the other side, hostile environment explains that sexual harassment occurs when the victim is faced with unwelcome conduct based on his or her sex. Such behaviour can be verbal, non-verbal, visual, or physical. This creates an uncomfortable, intimidating, hostile, or offensive work or learning environment. Prevention is the most effective way to deal with sexual harassment (Sung, 2008). Preventive measures include adopting sexual harassment policies; provide training and establishing complaints processes. All these together help to curb the occurrence of sexual harassment at workplace. A company can also prevent sexual harassment by sponsoring trainings (Sung, 2008 adapted from Bordeaux 2002; Raphan Heeman, 1997). These training may help employees in dealing with sexual harassment and its consequences. Furthermore, the channel for complaints encourages victims to complain and report and consequently, this will discourage harassers from continuing with their unwanted behaviours. Problem statement It is true that no occupation or profession is safe from sexual harassment (Kim and Kleiner, 1999). Sexual harassment continues to be a prevalent issue in workplaces. The frequency shows the seriousness of the problem and also the urgent need to eliminate it. Studies have shown that women are more prone to sexual harassment (Mathis et al., 1981). There might be several explanations in relation to this statement. Long ago, women were seen as second class citizens. They were victims of gender disparities and female subordination at all levels. They were seen as poor, burdened and loaded with difficulties in the male dominated societies. They were uneducated; hence they were not eligible for white collar jobs. They were able to occupy positions like market women or tea sellers ( Abdel Hamid et al, 2009). Furthermore they were unaware of their rights to equality. Consequently, they were sexually harassed in ways like dirty language and jokes imposed on them while doing work. They had to face sexual harassment mostly every day from noisy customers. The lack of education compels the women to bear these harassments without being able to do anything. They did not know about their rights and the relevant laws. Another factor which triggers sexual harassment is the values and customs which arise from cultural beliefs. Some cultures support the fact that men occupy superior position than women. The latter, hence, find it normal and accept that men hold condescending entitlements. This highlights gender disparity which in turn, encourages sexual harassment of women. In such situations, female victims choose to remain silent because they know that they will never get justice. However, even today, despite the fact that there has been emancipation of women, where the latter have become educated, self expressive and aware of laws, there is still sexual exploitation of women. . However we cannot turn a blind eye also to the fact that although less frequent, men can also be victims of sexual harassment. Several studies have revealed that women are also sexually harassing men. Furthermore, nowadays we also find the same sex harassing each other, men harassing men and women harassing women respectively. The majority of cases on sexual harassment which have been reported and brought before the Courts in different countries still show that sexual harassment happens when a person who is in a very powerful position uses his particular position to harass others who are in a vulnerable position. In other words, this would imply that someone who is at the top of the ladder uses his power to continuously trouble another person who is at the bottom of the hierarchical la dder of the organisation. Various international organizations, trade unions, womens associations and other pressure groups have revealed that sexual harassment is becoming an alarming situation, especially in the field of employment (Crucet et al, 2010). On the whole sexual harassment affects an individuals employment, interferes and disturbs the performance. Consequently, an intimidated, offensive and hostile environment come into play. There is a negative impact on productivity as there will be more absenteeism and loss of valuable staff as a result of dissatisfaction at work, low self esteem, frustration and loss of trust. Studies show that apart from causing economic harm, sexual harassment can also have a negative effect on the human psychology. Victims may suffer from various complications like insomnia, depression and loss of interest in the family (Kim and Kleiner, 1999). Whether public or private sector, sexual harassment can be very humiliating and this may lead to health and safety problem. (Chaudhuri P., 2006) Aims and objectives The research proposal seeks to investigate the actual situation of sexual harassment at workplace. There are myths relating that sexual harassment occurs mostly to older people because of their economic vulnerability (Kim and Kleiner, 1999). It is also true that sexual harassment is not necessarily limited to sexual desire and physical attractiveness because sexual harassment is used to bully and intimidate the victims. Hence, we can see that no one is safe from this issue. Consequently, the aim of the research is to make people, whether young or old, experienced or inexperienced, new or old to have a better understanding of this issue so that they will be able to combat it effectively if ever they are found in a difficult situation. We are also aiming to show the reasons, how and why sexual harassment occurs. We are also investigating in the possible consequences and solutions available to combat this issue. It is true that sexual harassment will not halt by simply ignoring it. On the contrary, this ignorance will encourage harassers to continue and even excel in their wrongdoing. We will even try to highlight the fact that when sexual harassment occurs, it is the duty of the employer to protect and support the victims. Studies and journals show that more women are prone to sexual harassment than men. Our study is also aiming to know whether this finding is correct or not. Moreover, through this study we are trying to know about the companys policy against sexual harassment and to know whether laws are strict enough to curb sexual harassment. Organisations should reinforce laws for the prohibition of sexual harassment. The latter should be regarded as an offence in workplaces and raise awareness of appropriate disciplinary measures that will be taken against the offender. Indeed, many public and private organisations have not even set up complaints committees. Impartiality in these committees is highly recommended to halt sexual harassment. For example, a third party representative from anti sexual harassment organisations can sit in the committee. Furthermore, the purpose of our study is to highlight the fact that companies need to have disciplinary measures which will help in reducing sexual harassment and avoid future incidents of this nature in the work place. Discipline should act as a catalyst in the prevention and gradual elimination of sexual harassment. It should be clear to workers that this type of unethical behaviour will not be tolerated at work. There should be different rules to deal with different situations. For example, where minor cases of sexual harassment are concerned, the harasser can be reprimanded and warned. However, in extreme cases, severe disciplinary actions like termination, demotion, reduction of wages, suspension, transfer or reassignment should be taken without any hesitation (The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1999). Methods Everyone uses information to make decisions about the future. If the information is accurate, there is a high probability of making a good decision. However, if the information is inaccurate, our ability to make a correct decision is diminished. It is true that better information leads to better decision. Information can be either primary or secondary. Primary data refers to information collected for the specific purpose at hand. On the other hand, secondary data refers to information that already exists to be used for another purpose. In the course of our research, we have made use of both primary and secondary data. Secondary data has been in the form of books, journals and articles from the internet. Our measuring instrument to assess primary data is a written questionnaire. There are different ways to get primary information. Some of them are: personal questionnaires, talking with people, telephone surveys, E-mail and internet surveys, experiments, focus groups, observation among others. Research approach- Questionnaire For the purpose of our research we have opted for personal questionnaires. Indeed the questionnaire is the most efficient way for getting comprehensive information for the study. This method involves interviewing other persons for personal or detailed information. Typically respondents will be required to voluntarily participate by answering questions on the written questionnaire which is simply a list of topics that the research wants to discuss on a certain specific issue. Here, the working people will be asked to determine the factors that influence sexual harassment at the workplace, its nature, how and why it occurs and the possible solutions to this problem. It is true that internet surveys are the fastest method to carry out surveys. However they might be biased because the results might not be representative of the whole population. Moreover, talking with people is also another way of collecting information but it is more appropriate for business purposes where customers and clients interact with each other for business transactions. Telephone surveys are a bit like questionnaires but the only difference is that it occurs orally. However, we did not consider this option as we know, the working population are very busy with their work loads and they will not bother to give importance to surveys carried out on the telephone. A written questionnaire has a greater impact than the telephone surveys and people will be able to express themselves better. At the end of the questionnaire, there was another part which was included to gather demographic information of each respondent. It is good to note that their confidentiality and anonymity will be assured. However, if they will refuse to participate, they will be free to do so. Research Approach- Interview Apart from gathering quantitative data from the questionnaire, we are also looking forward to collecting qualitative data by interviewing some Human Resource Professionals within both the public and private sectors to know about the actual state of sexual harassment in the workplace. Interview has been chosen as a research method because it is very reliable as we as researchers will be physically in front of the respondents and we will be able to guide them about how to better fill in the questionnaires. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that it might be quite time consuming. Sampling In order to draw conclusions about large groups of individuals, researchers normally study a small sample of the total population. A sample is a limited number of units that closely represents the characteristics of a total population. The purpose of the study is to select representatives of that population. Samples may be chosen by two different methods: Probability- including simple random, stratified, cluster and systematic sampling. Non probability- including convenience, judgmental, quota and snowball. For the purpose of our study, we have opted for probability sampling. we find that stratified sampling best suits the needs of our research. We will first of all, divide the working population into 2 stratum, that is, private and public sectors. From a total of 22 public ministries and 10 public companies, we will then use simple random sampling to choose 6 ministries and 6 public companies. We are expecting responses from 60 employers and employees, 30 being from the public and 30 from the private. Our survey is targeting workers at all levels and all departments (management, administration, operational, IT). Such a sample is very convenient to satisfy the mission of the research. Moreover, we will also use convenience sampling for the sake of conducting our interviews. We will select a total of 12 people to interview, 6 being from the public sector and 6 from the private. Benefits of the research Indeed, this research is going to be beneficial for a large segment of people. First of all, it will be highly relevant to the working population, both from the public and private sectors. As we have seen earlier, we are targeting employees from both public and private companies. They will be given a broader view of what sexual harassment actually is, how and why it occurs and also how to combat it effectively. Furthermore, it is also going to be very relevant to future working populations, that is, to university students who will soon be graduating and eventually having their first steps in employment. Indeed, being new and inexperienced, these fresh graduates normally take some time to adapt to the working environment. Additionally, if they have problems relating to sexual harassment, the first option that they will consider is to resign from their jobs. But this is surely not the best solution. Instead, if they should be taught to better understand the issue and how to curb it within the working environment. Budget Analysis List of expenditures Equivalent Cost (Rs) Stationery- Paper, paper clips, pens, cover page 100.00 Travel expenses 180.00 Questionnaires (61) 244.00 Black printing 20.00 Coloured printing for cover page 20.00 Binding 35.00 Electricity and Internet costs 155.00

Relaciones Entre las Actitudes Bellas y las Morales :: Spanish essays

Relaciones Entre las Actitudes Bellas y las Morales ABSTRACT: There are no a-moral texts, even though amorality may be described by them: an amoral author would not dare into the search of beauty; it depends on a game of faculties that, also, play with the form. A moralizing literary text is not due to a game of author's faculties, but only to the author's conscience. Thus, it rebounds heavy and ugly. An ugly immoral literary text assaults on a redundant and calculated way some moral rules in favor of the "forbidden". Then, it is not a beautiful text. The aesthetic function is the one treating the stimulus as a purpose and not only as a means. This spontaneous behavior is condition of possibility for the moral act (the follower of the second kantian imperative). The one who spontaneously has the attitude that considers the other (alter) as a purpose and not only as a means, is a beautiful person. Its argued that it is not yet a morally good person. Anyway, "beau-ty" on its Latin etymologies (beau-t‚ and bello) means good, which involves a project that is dialoguing, truthful, respectful and advantageous for the community. It also means that the decision of using the proper means for the goal, has been taken. Once accepted the project, the individual shall act spontaneously on a ludicrous way so that the project may become real. He will be a more meritorious beautiful person if his spontaneous goodness means the overcoming over the experiences that have hurt hi. The matter is: is the moral beauty the highest point of morality? I will work on this topic on the basis of Schiller, Kant, Gadamer, and Sartre. La belleza de la literatura y su fealdad en relacià ³n con lo amoral, lo moralizante y lo inmoral. Segà ºn Alaidair MacIntyre—Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquire—el filà ³sofo no puede realizar ningà ºn estudio sobre la moral sin recurrir a otras fuentes ajenas a la filosofà ­a; en algunas narraciones literarias encuentra materiales và ¡lidos porque ejemplifican acciones morales, amorales e inmorales que serà ­an incomprensibles al margen de los datos que aporta el escritor sobre quià ©n, cà ³mo y para quà © las hizo, o sea al margen de su unicidad y de su caracterizacià ³n motivacional y circunstancial. Las preguntas que me inquietan es quà © tipo de textos tiene en mente MacIntyre:  ¿los inmorales, los amorales o los moralizantes? Los textos literarios llevan el

Somali Movement

The initial opposing party to Barre's regime was conducted by the officers in the army after his defeated in Ogden war in 1977, some of them were sentenced and others escaped to Ethiopia and established the first opposing front called â€Å"Somali salvation Democratie Frof† (SSDF), as well as the immigrants of Ishaq tribe in England established â€Å"Somali National Movement† (SNM). Later in 1989, the United Somali Movement was formed by Hawiya tribe and controlled Mogadishu. The next year about (100) politicians signed a document demanding Barre to resign and appointing a transitional government. In 1991, the Somali Congress Forces (SCF) led by Mohammed Farah Aidid defeated the government forces, however Barre coerced to escape to â€Å"Gedo† near Kenyan borders. The ouster of Barre's government left behind a vacuum power which inspired the appetite of opposing groups to govern. An armed combat between (USC) commanders Mohammed Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohammed to control of the capital. The fighting lasted for 100 days and the number of the victims was estimated about (30.000) thousands. On the meantime, the (SNM) proclaimed independence under the name of Somaliland. In 1992, a cease fire between Aidid and Ali Mehdi was a greed, and no one controlled the capital which amplify the gap between the north and the south. The United Nation Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) was establish in 1992 to maintain ceasefire and support humanitarian relief efforts (Khaleji, 2007). Unfortunately, the ceasefire was ignored and fighting nonstop. In 1992, about (350.000) Somali died due to illness, hunger and civil war. The US established multinational forces to secure humanitarian processes and it became United Task Force (UNITF) after approving by Security Council. In March 1993, the United Nation operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) started to reconstruct Somali state and economy. They withdraw in 1995 after having incurred causalities. In 1995, the military combat between local parties became less intense. Aidid stated himself as a president of the Somalia without getting any recognition. His forces occupied Daidoa. In 1996, Ali Mehdi elected as a chairman of the United Somali Congress and Somali Calvation Alliance (USC//SSA). In the same year, Aidid died of his wounds. In 2000, Ali Mehdi lost votes to Abdulqasim Salad Hasssan. In the same year, the transitional national government (TNG) was established because of Somali National Arta Conference in Djibouti. In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government was established in Nairobi. In 2006, a clash between U.S backed militia leaders and Islamic Courts Union (ICU) which won the combat and controlled most of the Southern Somalia (Dresso,2009). Thus, Ethiopia entered Somalia as allies to (TFG) against (ICU). The next year president Abdullah control Mogadishu and US began strike against al-Qaida. In 2010, al-Shabaab declared a coalition with al-Qaida and attacked the capital. In the same year, the famine killed about 260,000 people. In 2012, the Federal Government of Somalia was established. In 2013, US recognized the Somali government for the first time since 1991. In the same year and the next, al-Shabaab conducted some attack operations against Kenya like what happened in November a mass killing in north-east Kenya. In 2016, the African Union leaders agreed to raise their troops and support their military to deteriorate al-Shabaab. In 2017, Mohammed Abdullah selected as a president of Somalia. In October 2017, bombing killed about 350 people in Mogadishu. In march 2018, about 18 citizens were killed and 22 others injured because of blast close to hotel in Mogadishu.

Essay on Hiring and Development Plan

Essay on Hiring and Development Plan Essay on Hiring and Development Plan Essay on Hiring and Development PlanToday the role of Human Relations managers is crucial in the successful development of any company. Every day companies face a wide range of complex challenges, which affect the functioning of management and employee performance. According to researchers, the way â€Å"managers handles these challenges directly affects employees and their performance†(Hodgetts Hegar, 2007, p.5). Human relations process allows managers to bring employees into contract with the company in a way that help to achieve the established goals of both groups. Any company is focused on three goals: the company’s survival, growth and profitability. Amy employee is concerned with the following goals: â€Å"good pay, adequate working conditions, a chance to interact with other personnel, and the opportunity to do interesting and meaningful work† (Hodgetts Hegar, 2007, p.5). It becomes clear that any company seeks talented employees for the required posit ion, providing them abundant opportunities for personal and professional growth (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010). A Human Relations Manager is focused on creating successful planning that will work best for the company and employees. The application of successful hiring and development activities guarantees positive outcomes and contributed to the company’s productivity. Actually, hiring process includes a number of activities, e.g. job analysis, job design, advertisement and mediums and other practices aimed at hiring the best candidates. Once a Company hired a new employee, it is appropriate to work out a development plan in order to create a successful and contributing member of the team. A Human Relations Manager should take into consideration all the required components of the plan.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I am dedicated to human relations function. I am focused on hiring and training employees, overseeing labor relations, as well as the human side of business. Any company should have an effective Human Resource Management team aimed at the utilization of employees’ skills and abilities to achieve the established organizational goals (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010). As a professional Human Relations specialist, I will work hard to find, train and motivate employees. I am competent in hiring, training new employees, resolving various internal work-related complaints, as well as in planning effective growth strategies with executives of our company.   As a Human Relations specialist, I will hire and motivate employees based on the established hiring and development plan.The major goal of this paper is to outline a hiring process from scratch which includes a discussion beginning job analysis, job design, advertisement and mediums, and continue through the actual hiring process, therefore creating the hiring plan.   Besides, it is necessary to represent a successful developmen t plan in order to create a successful and contributing member of the team.Creating a Hiring Plan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is known that effective hiring process needs the creation of an effective hiring plan. This plan should be worked out before the beginning of the interview process. According to Kathleen Kennedy-Luczak and Carol E. Thompson (2005), â€Å"having an effective recruiting plan in place keeps the time a job remain open to a minimum, and avoids the risk that your company may be caught with orders it cannot fill, or jobs that may not be completed on time† (p. 6). Besides, an effective hiring plan guarantees uniformity of the whole hiring process and helps to avoid any employment discrimination practices.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the hiring process in our company is a complex one, it is very important to use the proper skills and professional experience to meet the company’s needs. As a Human Relations Manager fo r the company, I should use my personal experience and knowledge to review the resumes or application forms and determine if the candidate for the required job position meets the qualifications of this job position.Outline of the Hiring Process  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to outline a hiring process, it is necessary to creating a hiring committee that will be responsible for overseeing the major procedures of the hiring process. The hiring committee should consist of 3 members, who possess the required skills and professional experiences in the hiring process (Byars, 2010). The hiring committee members should be ready to set the appropriate timeline for the hiring process.Job AnalysisJob analysis can be viewed as â€Å"the backbone of human resource function, forming the basis of all tasks in a well-managed human resource department† (Foster, 2010, p. 587). The term job analysis can be defined as a comprehensive systematic process aimed at providing i mportant information on job position, describing the job and comparing it with other jobs. As a Human Relations Manager, I am interested in â€Å"examining, documenting and drawing inferences about job activities, worker attributes, and work context† (Foster, 2010, p. 588).As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I will effectively use the information generated from job analysis. I will be involved in some necessary personnel practices, such as â€Å"writing job descriptions, establishing and conducting recruitment and selection process, conducting periodic performance appraisals, establishing employee training and development needs and establishing the level of pay for a job† (Foster, 2010, p. 588).First, I will create an effective job description. This activity stands for representation of a 1to 4 page summary of the required tasks, duties and responsibilities that are essential for the job position. I will provide a brief summary to make it easy for the applica nts and hiring committee members to evaluate all the requirements for the job position.Second, I will create job evaluation. According to Foster (2010), â€Å"the process of job evaluation attaches a dollar value, or worth, to the job†(p. 589). In this activity, I will pay due attention to the job’s duties and responsibilities and compare the pay rates for the similar job positions.Job DesignJob design is an important procedure as it includes the professional assessment of the required tasks, duties and responsibilities for the job position. I realize that I can change some aspects of job design to improve employee productivity and employee motivation.   I will use my professional skills and experience to make job expectations clear, organizing the established employee tasks, duties and responsibilities into an effective unit. As a Human Relations specialist, I will use different approaches for job design, including job simplification, job enlargement, job enrichment , job rotation, and job sharing.Advertisement and MediumsThe required positions can be advertised both internally and externally. Today there are many opportunities to hire candidates. I can use different approaches, including newspaper advertising, the Internet ads (e.g. the Internet job boards), social networking ads, job fairs, college recruiting, search firms and other approaches to hiring new employees. However, I will the Internet ads and social networking, as these approaches are the most effective searching tactics today. According to results of the joint poll conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management, many employers and employees use networking and personal contacts to achieve the established goals in searching process (Kennedy-Luczak Thompson, 2005).As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I will place a job announcement on a web-based resume board. In case, I need to find a candidate in a very short space of time, I will use the services of an external recruiter. According to experts, â€Å"external recruiters know where and how to find the most suitable candidates, whether these candidates are in the market for a new job or not† (Rothman, 2013, p. 34). Besides, external recruiters can help to find the employees who possess unique skills (technical and non-technical skills), qualities and preferences. Undoubtedly, I will pay the fee for external recruiters’ services.Selection process in the hiring procedureThe selection process requires mutual decision making concerning the candidate for the required job position. All hiring committee members should be involved in the process of selection new employees. According to researchers, â€Å"selection is a long process, commencing from the preliminary interview of the applicants and ending with the contract of employment†(Aswathappa, 2005, p. 158).   In our company, the selection process is focused on professionalism of the hiring committee members.As a Human Relat ions Manager, I realize that there are several factors that may affect the process of selection. These factors include â€Å"supply and demand of specific skills in the labor market, unemployment rate, labor market conditions, legal and political considerations, company’s image, company’s policy, HRP, and cost of hiring† (Aswathappa, 2005, p. 159).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Screening procedure in the selection processThe process of screening helps to remove unqualified candidates for the required job position. I will evaluate all critical characteristics of candidates to determine if each person from the list of job candidates is qualified for the required job position. As a Human Relation Manager, I realize that the screening procedure helps to facilitate the subsequent stages of the selection process, based on practical management initiatives (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010).Conducting a preliminary interview with candidatesAfter screening the candidates’ resumes and applications, I will conduct a preliminary interview with the candidates for the required job position in order to select and hire a candidate who meets the needs of our company. I know that a preliminary interview can help to identify some misfits that have not been mentioned in the application forms or resumes (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010).Selection testsSelection tests are used to find out more important information about the candidates for the open position. Those candidates who pass a screening procedure and a preliminary interview should be called for selection tests. As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I will use selection tests to â€Å"determine the applicant’s ability, aptitude and personality† (Aswathappa, 2005, p. 160). There are several types of selection tests, including ability tests, aptitude tests, personality tests, interest tests, graphology tests, polygraph tests and other types of selection tests. I will use personality tests, which help to measure and evaluate the candidate’s motivation to perform his/her duties in a proper way and ability tests, which help to determine the ability of a candidate to perform the required tasks. Some of the issues that will be discussed in the selection tests for the candidates include occupational interests, personality factors, technical and non-technical skills, temperamental adaptability, etc.Essay on   Hiring and Development Plan part 2

Reasons to Keep the Electoral College

Reasons to Keep the Electoral College Under the Electoral College system, it is possible for a presidential candidate to lose the nationwide popular vote, yet be elected president of the United States by winning in only a handful of key states. Should you ever forget this fact, critics of the Electoral College will be sure to remind you of it every four years. What could the Founding Fathers- the framers of the Constitution- have been thinking in 1787? Did they not realize that the Electoral College system effectively took the power to select the American president out of the hands of the American people? Yes, they did. In fact, the Founders always intended that the states- not the people- select the president. Article 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants the power to elect the president and vice president to the states through the Electoral College system. Under the Constitution, the highest-ranking U.S. officials elected by the direct popular vote of the people are the governors of the states. Beware the Tyranny of the Majority To be brutally honest, the Founding Fathers gave the American public of their day little credit for political awareness when it came to selecting the president. Here are some of their telling statements from the Constitutional Convention of 1787. A popular election in this case is radically vicious. The ignorance of the people would put it in the power of some one set of men dispersed through the Union, and acting in concert, to delude them into any appointment. - Delegate Gerry, July 25, 1787The extent of the country renders it impossible, that the people can have the requisite capacity to judge of the respective pretensions of the candidates. - Delegate Mason, July 17, 1787The people are uninformed, and would be misled by a few designing men. - Delegate Gerry, July 19, 1787 The Founding Fathers had seen the dangers of placing ultimate power into a single set of human hands. Accordingly, they feared that placing the unlimited power to elect the president into the politically naive hands of the people could lead to a tyranny of the majority. In response, they created the Electoral College system as a process to insulate the selection of the president from the whims of the public. Giving the Small States an Equal Voice The Electoral College helps give rural states with lower populations an equal voice. If the popular vote alone decided elections, the presidential candidates would rarely visit those states or consider the needs of rural residents in their policy platforms. Due to the Electoral College process, candidates must get votes from multiple states- large and small- thus helping to ensure that the president will address the needs of the entire country. Preserving Federalism The Founding Fathers also felt the Electoral College system would enforce the concept of federalism- the division and sharing of powers between the state and national governments.Under the Constitution, the people are empowered to choose, through a direct popular election, the men and women who represent them in their state legislatures and in the United States Congress. The states, through the Electoral College, are empowered to choose the president and vice president. Are We a Democracy or Not? Critics of the Electoral College system argue that by taking the selection of the president out of the hands of the public at large, that Electoral College system flies in the face of democracy. America is, after all, a democracy, is it not? Lets see. Two of the most widely recognized forms of democracy are: Pure or Direct Democracy - All decisions are made directly by a majority vote of all eligible citizens. By their vote alone, citizens can enact laws and select or remove their leaders. The power of the people to control their government is unlimited.Representative Democracy - The citizens rule through representatives who they elect periodically in order to keep them accountable. The power of the people to control their government is thus limited by the actions of their elected representatives. The United States is a representative democracy operated under a republican form of government, as provided for in Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution, which states, The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a Republican form of Government... (This should not be confused with the Republican political party which is merely named after the form of government.) In 1787, the Founding Fathers, based on their direct knowledge of history showing that unlimited power tends to become a tyrannical power, created the United States as a republic- not a pure democracy. Direct democracy only works when all or at least most of the people participate in the process. The Founding Fathers knew that as the nation grew and the time required for debating and voting on every issue increased, the public’s desire to take part in the process would quickly decrease. As a result, the decisions and actions taken would not truly reflect the will of the majority, but small groups of people representing their own interests. The Founders were unanimous in their desire that no single entity, be it the people or an agent of the government, be given unlimited power. Achieving a separation of powers ultimately became their highest priority. As a part of their plan to separate powers and authority, the Founders created the Electoral College as the method by which the people could choose their highest government leader- the president- while avoiding at least some of the dangers of a direct election. But just because the Electoral College has worked just as the Founding Fathers intended for over 200 years does not mean that it should never be modified or even abandoned completely. What will it take for either to happen? What Would It Take to Change the Electoral College System? Any change to the way in which America chooses its president will require a constitutional amendment. For this to come about, the following will have to happen:First, the fear must become reality. That is, a presidential candidate must lose the nationwide popular vote, but be elected through the Electoral College vote. This has happened exactly four times in the nations history: In 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, with 4,036,298 popular votes won 185 electoral votes. His main opponent, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, won the popular vote with 4,300,590 votes but won only 184 electoral votes. Hayes was elected president.In 1888, Republican Benjamin Harrison, with 5,439,853 popular votes won 233 electoral votes. His main opponent, Democrat Grover Cleveland, won the popular vote with 5,540,309 votes but won only 168 electoral votes. Harrison was elected president.In 2000, Republican George W. Bush lost the popular vote to Democrat Al Gore by a margin of 50,996,582 to 50,456,062. But after the U.S. Supreme Court halted vote recounts in Florida, George W. Bush was awarded the states 25 electoral votes and won the presidency through a 271 to 266 vote margin in the Electoral College.In 2016, Republican Donald Trump lost the popular vote with 62,984,825. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton received a total of 65,853,516 popular votes. In the Electoral College, Trum p was granted 306 votes to Clintons 232. It is sometimes reported that Richard M. Nixon received more popular votes in the 1960 election than winner John F. Kennedy, but official results showed Kennedy with 34,227,096 popular votes to Nixons 34,107,646. Kennedy won 303 Electoral College votes to Nixons 219 votes. Next, a candidate that loses the popular vote but wins the electoral vote must turn out to be a particularly unsuccessful and unpopular president. Otherwise, the impetus to blame the nations woes on the Electoral College system will never materialize.Finally, the constitutional amendment must get a two-thirds vote from both houses of Congress and be ratified by three-fourths of the states. Even if all of the above were to happen, it remains highly unlikely that the Electoral College system would be changed or repealed. Under the above circumstances, it is probable that neither the Republicans nor the Democrats would hold a strong majority of seats in Congress. Requiring a two-thirds vote from both houses, a constitutional amendment must have strong bi-partisan support- support it will not get from a split Congress. (The president cannot veto a constitutional amendment.) To be ratified and become effective, a constitutional amendment must also be approved by the legislatures of 39 out of the 50 states. By design, the Electoral College system grants the states the power to elect the president of the United States. How likely is it that 39 states are going to vote to give up that power? Moreover, 12 states control 53 percent of the votes in the Electoral College, leaving only 38 states that might even consider ratification. Come on critics, can you really say that in 213 years of operation, the Electoral College system has produced bad results? Only twice have the electors stumbled and been unable to choose a president, thus throwing the decision into the House of Representatives. Who did the House decide on in those two cases? Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams.

RESEARCH METHODS (AT LEAST THREE AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES) CONCEPT PAPER Coursework

RESEARCH METHODS (AT LEAST THREE AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES) CONCEPT PAPER - Coursework Example According to Wiles (2007), organizations must incorporate MOT in their organizational structure to survive the stiff competition currently prevailing in the American corporate sector. Technology is an imperative asset that can help organizations outperform their competitors and gain a significant market share. However, the challenge faced by technology specialists and decision makers is gaining an all-inclusive understanding of MOT that normally incorporate understanding of technology development, auxiliary intelligence and relevant processes and activities in the product value chain (Malhotra, 2004). As an important management discipline, MOT explores the potential of technology and how that potential can be harnessed for the advantage of organizations. However, as Van (2008) reiterates, the field and professions it obliges remains ambiguous due to absence of established task sheets and books that would nature the attention of students and practitioners. Additionally, an immense confusion surrounds MOT concepts and its relevance in solving management problems is disregarded by American managers (Christiansen,  2000). Deliberations on MOT reveal divergent viewpoints about nature, history, origin, role and etymology of technological terms. Van (2008) further reveals that the copious definitions of technological concepts have caused a disagreement that is yet to subside. However, the revival of MOT in recent years has created a pompous structure for systematic consideration of technology and its organization leading to introduction of teaching programmes in university and establishment of professional societies such as IAMOT (international association for the management of technology) (Wiles,  2007). The mesmerizing quest for students and practitioners is to have a fundamental structure that will aid in edification of technological related knowledge thus easing management related tasks through effective and efficient

Strategies to counter global terrorism attacks Essay

Strategies to counter global terrorism attacks - Essay Example Strategies to counter global terrorism attacks Further, more states are engaging in state terrorism, a situation termed illegal by the international bodies aiming to combat terror. Cognizant of the situation, both internal and external states are inclusive in the war against state terrorism. Therefore, effective state-counterterrorism should entail associations between the society and governments to ensure state compliance with terrorism regulations. Firstly, achieving the situation entails thorough mobilization and meetings between the residents and stakeholders. Secondly, it involves training the individuals on how to recognize potential terrorists among themselves. Finally, the state needs to avail enough resources to combat terrorism. Seemingly, in the US, efforts have been diverted since the 9/11 attacks on Pentagon, and the Capitol Building in Washington, DC. Further, attacks to the World’s Trade Center Complex Towers in New York caused havoc during the wee hours of September 11. The September 11 attacks indicated sophistication, excellent coordination and aimed at the firmness of USA economy, military, and political fame. Since then, deadly attacks have followed in various states such as Mumbai in China, Beslan, and Bali in Indonesia, not forgetting Madrid, London, and Moscow in Russia. Those groups that relied on terrorism have possibly faced elimination, but new groups are emerging posting a new threat to the target states. The world still suffers severe terrorist attacks more than a decade after the 9/11 attacks in the US (Lutz and Brenda 1).